ARM programming for Risc OS

RISC OS was the operating system of the Acorn Archimedes... although the machine is long since dead, RISC OS has survived and ported to modern machines like the Raspberry Pi

In these tutorials we'll be testing with Risc OS 3.57 - which is the OS of the successor of the Archimedes, but where possible we'll try and support the classic RiscOS 2... and we'll be using instructions compatible with ARM2 for backwards compatibility!

These tutorials use the VASM assembler


Acorn Archimedes versions


A3000 A5000 RISC PC
CPU 8mhz ARM2 25 mhz ARM3 30mhz ARM 610
Memory 1 MB 1-8 MB ?
OS RISC OS 2 RISC OS 3 Risc OS 3.5 - 4.03
Screen 320x240 16/256 color 320x240 16/256 color 320x240 16/256 color

If you want to learn ARM get the Cheatsheet! it has all the ARM7 commands, it covers the commands, and options like Bitshifts and conditions as well as the bytecode structure of the commands!


Resources

RPCEMU - Risc OS emulator
Rom Images - Images for RISC OS

ARM Hello World Series

Hello World on RISC-OS - ARM Assembly Lesson H1

ARM Platform Specific Lessons

Lesson P1 - Bitmap graphics and Palette definitions on Risc OS [ROS]
Lesson P5 - Joypad & Pen on the GBA / NDS ... Key reading on Risc OS [NDS] [GBA] [ROS]

ARM Simple Samples

Moving a sprite on RiscOS - Simple ARM Assembly Lesson S1

Executable files
The easiest way to create a program is save it as a FF8.... eg 'prog,ff8'... NOTE: this is a COMMA before ff8 not a full stop - this is how RISC OS denotes file type

Our program just needs to start from 0x8000 and it will work fine!... please note, you'll need to create your own stack area and define a stack pointer if you need the Stack, as the OS doesn't create one!

The Example Hello World to the right will compile correctly with VASM
.org  0x08000    
    SWI 01                    ;OS_WriteS
    .ascii "Hello World!"
    .byte 0                   ;End of string
    .align 4
   
     MOV R0,#0                ;0=No Error
     SWI 0x11                 ;OS_Exit
We can also create a !Run,feb to autostart the program with the emulator,  we RMEnsure UtilityModule 3.10 Error This !Boot structure is only suitable for RISC OS 3.1 or later
Set Boot$Dir <Obey$Dir>
Set Boot$Path <Boot$Dir>.
desktop prog

Using Risc OS
When using Risc OS, you will often want the options on a file... to get this use the MIDDLE MOUSE button
You can get a command prompt by pressing CTRL-F12, or selecting Task Window by middle clicking on the Acorn icon

The commands you can use are known as Star Commands... there is a list of them here



256 color mode

On RiscOS, 256 color mode probably doesn't work the way you want!

Only 64 colors are configurable, Each of these are presented using 4 different brightness (defined by the bottom 2 bits.

Here is the default 256 color palette:

Bit 
Meaning
0 Tint bit 0 (red + green + blue bit 0)
1 Tint bit 1 (red + green + blue bit 1)
2 Red bit 2
3 Blue bit 2
4 Red bit 3 (high)
5 Green bit 2
6 Green bit 3 (high)
7 Blue bit 3 (high)

VDU Commands

Many screen functions are performed via 'VDU Commands'... to use these, we just write special character codes to the screen with SWI 0
Page Meaning Parameters Example
VDU 0 Does nothing 0
VDU 1 Sends next character to printer only 1,c
VDU 2 Enables printer 2
VDU 3 Disables printer 3
VDU 4 Writes text at text cursor 4
VDU 5 Writes text at graphics cursor 5
VDU 6 Enables VDU driver 6
VDU 7 Generates bell sound 7
VDU 8 Moves cursor back one character 8
VDU 9 Moves cursor on one space 9
VDU 10 Moves cursor down one line 10
VDU 11 Moves cursor up one line 11
VDU 12 Clears text window 12
VDU 13 Moves cursor to start of current line 13
VDU 14 Turns on paged mode 14
VDU 15 Turns off paged mode 15
VDU 16 Clears graphics window 16
VDU 17 Defines text colour 17,color
VDU 18 Defines graphics colour 18,maskmode,color
VDU 19 Defines logical colour 19,color,mode,r,g,b 19,0,16,255,128,0
VDU 20 Restores default logical colours 20
VDU 21 Disables VDU drivers 21
VDU 22 Selects screen mode 22,ScreenMode 22,9
VDU 23 Multi-purpose command: n,n,n,n,n,n,n,n,n
VDU 23 Sets the interlace and controls cursor appearance ?
VDU 23 Controls text cursor appearance ?
VDU 23 Defines ECF pattern and colours ?
VDU 23 Sets dot-dash line style ?
VDU 23 Scrolls text window or screen ?
VDU 23 Clears a block of the text window ?
VDU 23 Sets first flash time ?
VDU 23 Sets second flash time ?
VDU 23 Sets default patterns ?
VDU 23 Defines simple ECF patterns and colours ?
VDU 23 Controls cursor movement after printing ?
VDU 23 Sets the tint for a colour ?
VDU 23 Chooses ECF patterns ?
VDU 23 Exchanges text foreground and background colours ?
VDU 23 Sets ECF origin ?
VDU 23 Sets character size/spacing ?
VDU 23 Reserved for future expansion ?
VDU 23 Private Font Manager calls ?
VDU 23 Private Sprite Manager calls ?
VDU 23 Reserved for use by application programs ?
VDU 23 Redefines printable characters ?
VDU 24 Defines graphics window 24,x1,y1,x2,y2
VDU 25 PLOT command 25,x,y
VDU 26 Restores default windows 26
VDU 27 Does nothing 27
VDU 28 Defines text window 28,x1,y1,x2,y2
VDU 29 Defines graphics origin 29,x,y
VDU 30 Homes text cursor 30
VDU 31 Moves text cursor 31,x,y
VDU 127 Delete 127

SWI commands
SWI's are systems calls to the operating system... many SWI's were added in later operating system versions, so ensure you only use SWI's that exist on the version you want to support.
OS Ver Number Name Function
2 &00 OS_WriteC Write Character R0 to Screen
2 &01 OS_WriteS Write 0 termniated string to screen � string follows SWI in code
2 &02 OS_Write0
2 &03 OS_NewLine Start a new line (no params)
2 &04 OS_ReadC
2 &05 OS_CLI
2 &06 OS_Byte
Index of OS_Bytes

2 &07 OS_Word
Index of OS_Words

2 &08 OS_File
2 &09 OS_Args
2 &0A OS_BGet
2 &0B OS_BPut
2 &0C OS_GBPB
2 &0D OS_Find
2 &0E OS_ReadLine
2 &0F OS_Control
2 &100-1FF OS_WriteI
2 &10 OS_GetEnv
2 &11 OS_Exit Return to OS� R0=Errorcode (0=no error)
2 &12 OS_SetEnv
2 &13 OS_IntOn
2 &14 OS_IntOff
2 &15 OS_CallBack
2 &16 OS_EnterOS
2 &17 OS_BreakPt
2 &18 OS_BreakCtrl
2 &19 OS_UnusedSWI
2 &1A OS_UpdateMEMC
2 &1B OS_SetCallBack
2 &1C OS_Mouse
2 &1D OS_Heap
OS_Heap (5a)

2 &1E OS_Module
2 &1F OS_Claim
2 &20 OS_Release
2 &21 OS_ReadUnsigned
2 &22 OS_GenerateEvent
2 &23 OS_ReadVarVal
2 &24 OS_SetVarVal
2 &25 OS_GSInit
2 &26 OS_GSRead
2 &27 OS_GSTrans
2 &28 OS_BinaryToDecimal
2 &29 OS_FSControl
OS_FSControl 55

2 &2A OS_ChangeDynamicArea
OS_ChangeDynamicArea (5a)

2 &2B OS_GenerateError
2 &2C OS_ReadEscapeState
2 &2D OS_EvaluateExpression
2 &2E OS_SpriteOp
Changes to OS_SpriteOp
OS_SpriteOp 17

2 &2F OS_ReadPalette
2 &30 OS_ServiceCall
OS_ServiceCall (5a)

2 &31 OS_ReadVduVariables

R0 = pointer to input block , R1 = pointer to output block

2 &32 OS_ReadPoint
2 &33 OS_UpCall
2 &34 OS_CallAVector
2 &35 OS_ReadModeVariable
OS_ReadModeVariable (5a)

2 &36 OS_RemoveCursors Disable Cursor (No Params)
2 &37 OS_RestoreCursors
2 &38 OS_SWINumberToString
2 &39 OS_SWINumberFromString
2 &3A OS_ValidateAddress
2 &3B OS_CallAfter
2 &3C OS_CallEvery
2 &3D OS_RemoveTickerEvent
2 &3E OS_InstallKeyHandler
2 &3F OS_CheckModeValid
OS_CheckModeValid (5a)

2 &40 OS_ChangeEnvironment
2 &41 OS_ClaimScreenMemory
2 &42 OS_ReadMonotonicTime
2 &43 OS_SubstituteArgs
2 &44 OS_PrettyPrint
2 &45 OS_Plot
OS_Plot (5a)

2 &46 OS_WriteN
2 &47 OS_AddToVector
2 &48 OS_WriteEnv
2 &49 OS_ReadArgs
2 &4A OS_ReadRAMFsLimits
2 &4B OS_ClaimDeviceVector
2 &4C OS_ReleaseDeviceVector
2 &4D OS_DelinkApplication
2 &4E OS_RelinkApplication
2 &4F OS_HeapSort
2 &50 OS_ExitAndDie
2 &51 OS_ReadMemMapInfo
2 &52 OS_ReadMemMapEntries
2 &53 OS_SetMemMapEntries
OS_SetMemMapEntries (5a)

2 &54 OS_AddCallBack
2 &55 OS_ReadDefaultHandler
2 &56 OS_SetECFOrigin
2 &57 OS_SerialOp
OS_SerialOp (5a)

2 &58 OS_ReadSysInfo
OS_ReadSysInfo (5a)

2 &59 OS_Confirm
2 &5A OS_ChangedBox
2 &5B OS_CRC
3 &5C OS_ReadDynamicArea
OS_ReadDynamicArea (5a)

3 &5D OS_PrintChar
3 &5E OS_ChangeRedirection
3 &5F OS_RemoveCallBack
3 &60 OS_FindMemMapEntries
3 &61 OS_SetColour
OS_SetColour (5a)

3 &64 OS_Pointer
3.5 &65 OS_ScreenMode
3.5 &66 OS_DynamicArea
2 &68 OS_Memory
2 &69 OS_ClaimProcessorVector
3.5 &6A OS_Reset
3.5 &6B OS_MMUControl
2 &C0 OS_ConvertStandardDateAndTime
2 &C1 OS_ConvertDateAndTime
2 &D0 OS_ConvertHex1
2 &D1 OS_ConvertHex2
2 &D2 OS_ConvertHex3
2 &D3 OS_ConvertHex4
2 &D4 OS_ConvertHex8
2 &D5 OS_ConvertCardinal1
2 &D6 OS_ConvertCardinal2
2 &D7 OS_ConvertCardinal3
2 &D8 OS_ConvertCardinal4
2 &D9 OS_ConvertInteger1
2 &DA OS_ConvertInteger2
2 &DB OS_ConvertInteger3
2 &DC OS_ConvertInteger4
2 &DD OS_ConvertBinary1
2 &DE OS_ConvertBinary2
2 &DF OS_ConvertBinary3
2 &E0 OS_ConvertBinary4
2 &E1 OS_ConvertSpacedCardinal1
2 &E2 OS_ConvertSpacedCardinal2
2 &E3 OS_ConvertSpacedCardinal3
2 &E4 OS_ConvertSpacedCardinal4
2 &E5 OS_ConvertSpacedInteger1
2 &E6 OS_ConvertSpacedInteger2
2 &E7 OS_ConvertSpacedInteger3
2 &E8 OS_ConvertSpacedInteger4
2 &E9 OS_ConvertFixedNetStation
2 &EA OS_ConvertNetStation
2 &EB OS_ConvertFixedFileSize
2 &EC OS_ConvertFileSize

OS_Bytes - (SWI 6)

Number 
Description    R0  
Options
&00 Display OS version information 0
&02 Specify input stream 2
&03 Specify output streams 3
&04 Cursor key status 4
&05 Write printer driver type 5
&06 Write printer ignore character 6
&07 Write RS423 receive rate 7
&08 Write RS423 transmit rate 8
&09 Write duration of first colour 9
&0A Write duration of second colour 10
&0B Write keyboard auto-repeat delay 11
&0C Write keyboard auto-repeat rate 12
&0D Disable event 13
&0E Enable event 14
&0F Flush buffer 15
&10 Store the number of channels to be sampled 16
&11 Return to the caller, doing nothing 17
&12 Reset function keys 18
&13 Wait for vertical sync (vsync) 19
&14 Reset font definitions 20
&15 Flush selected buffer 21
&19 Reset group of font definitions 25
&46 Read/write country number 70
&47 Read/write alphabet or keyboard 71
&6A Select pointer / activate mouse 106
&70 Write VDU driver screen bank 112
&71 Write display hardware screen bank 113
&72 Write shadow/non-shadow state 114
&75 Read VDU status 117
&76 Reflect keyboard status in LEDs 118
&79 Keyboard scan 121
&7A Keyboard scan from 16 decimal 122
&7C Clear escape condition 124
&7D Set escape condition 125
&7E Acknowledge escape condition 126
&7F Check for end of file 127
&80 Get buffer/mouse status 128
&80 Return switch state and last channel converted 128
&81 Scan a for a particular key 129 R1=Wait, R2=0.... Returns R1=Ascii
R1=255^Keycode,R2=255... Returns R1=255 if pressed
&86 Read text cursor position 134
&87 Read character at text cursor and screen mode 135
&8A Insert character code into buffer 138
&8B Write filing system options 139
&8F Issue module service call 143
&90 Set vertical screen shift and interlace 144
&91 Get character from buffer 145
&98 Examine buffer status 152
&99 Insert character into buffer 153
&9C Read/write asynchronous communications state 156
&A0 Read VDU variable value 160
&A1 Read battery backed RAM 161
&A2 Write battery backed RAM 162
&A3 Read/write general graphics information 163
&A5 Read output cursor position 165
&B0 50Hz counter 176
&B1 Read input source 177
&B5 Read/write RS423 input interpretation status 181
&B6 Read/write NoIgnore state 182
&BC Read the current channel 188
&BD Read the number of channels to be sampled 189
&BE Read the resolution of conversion 190
&BF Read/write RS423 busy flag 191
&C0 Read RS423 control byte 192
&C1 Read/write flash counter 193
&C2 Read duration of second colour 194
&C3 Read duration of first colour 195
&C4 Read/write keyboard auto-repeat delay 196
&C5 Read/write keyboard auto-repeat rate 197
&C6 Read/write *Exec file handle 198
&C7 Read/write *Spool file handle 199
&C8 Read/write Break and Escape effect 200
&C9 Read/write keyboard disable flag 201
&CA Read/write keyboard status byte 202
&CB Read/write RS423 input buffer minimum space 203
&CC Read/write RS423 ignore flag 204
&D3 Read/write bell channel 211
&D4 Read/write bell sound volume 212
&D5 Read/write bell frequency 213
&D6 Read/write bell duration 214
&D8 Read/write length of function key string 216
&D9 Read/write paged mode line count 217
&DA Read/write bytes in VDU queue 218
&DB Read/write Tab key code 219
&DC Read/write escape character 220
&DD Read/write interpretation of input values &C0 - &CF 221
&DE Read/write interpretation of input values &D0 - &DF 222
&DF Read/write interpretation of input values &E0 - &EF 223
&E0 Read/write interpretation of input values &F0 - &FF 224
&E1 Read/write function key interpretation 225
&E2 Read/write Shift function key interpretation 226
&E3 Read/write Ctrl function key interpretation 227
&E4 Read/write Ctrl Shift function key interpretation 228
&E5 Read/write Escape key status 229
&E6 Read/write escape effects 230
&EC Read/write character destination status 236
&ED Read/write cursor key status 237
&EE Read/write numeric keypad interpretation 238
&F0 Read country flag 240
&F2 Read RS423 baud rates 242
&F3 Read timer switch state 243
&F5 Read printer driver type 245
&F6 Read/write printer ignore character 246
&F7 Read/write Break key actions 247
&FA Read VDU driver screen bank number 250
&FB Read display screen bank number 251
&FD Read last break type 253
&FE Set effect of Shift Ctrl on numeric keypad 254
&FF Read/write boot option 255

Keycodes

Esc:112
F1: 113 F2: 114 F3: 115 F4: 20 F5: 116 F6: 117 F7: 22 F8: 118 F9: 119 F10:30 F11: 28 F12: 29

Print: 32 ScrlLk:31 Brk:44




























`: 45 1: 48 2: 49 3: 17 4: 18 5: 19 6: 24 7: 36 8: 21 9: 38 0: 39 -: 23 =: 93 Pnd: 46 Bksp: 47
Ins: 61 Home:62 PgUp:63
NmLk: 77 /: 74 *: 91 #: 90
Tab: 96 Q: 16 W: 33 E: 34 R: 51 T: 35 Y: 68 U: 53 I: 37 O: 54 P: 55 [: 56 ]: 88
\: 120
Del: 89 Copy:105 PgDown:78
7: 27 8: 42 9: 43 -: 59
Ctrl: 14 A: 65 S: 81 D: 50 F: 67 G: 83 H: 84 J: 69 K: 70 L: 86 ;: 72 ': 79

Retn: 73




4: 122 5: 123 6: 26 +: 58
Shift: 03
Z: 97 X: 66 C: 82 V: 99 B: 100 N: 85 M: 101 ,: 102 .: 103 /: 104

Shift:06

U:57

1: 107 2: 124 3:108 Enter: 60
Caps: 64
Alt: 25


Spc: 98




Alt:28
Ctrl: 17
L:25 D:41 R:121
0:106
.:76

File Formats

RiscOS file extensions use a 3 character type, preceded by a COMMA, not a full stop, eg "prog,ff8" (PROG COMMA FF8)

Category EXT Type
General FFF Plain ASCII text Text

FFE Command (Exec) file Command

FFD Data Data

FFC Position independent code Utility

FFB Tokenised BASIC program BASIC

FFA Relocatable module Module

FF9 Sprite or saved screen Sprite

FF8 Absolute application loaded at &8000 Absolute

FF7 BBC font file (sequence of VDU operations) BBC font

FF6 Font Font

FF5 PostScript PoScript

FF4 Dot Matrix data file Printout

FF3 LaserJet data file LaserJet

FF2 Configuration (CMOS RAM) Config

FF1 Raw unprocessed data (e.g. terminal streams) RawData

FF0 Tagged Image File Format TIFF

FED Palette data Palette

FEC Template file Template

FEB Obey file Obey

FEA Desktop Desktop

FE9 ViewWord ViewWord

FE8 ViewPS ViewPS

FE7 ViewSheet ViewSht

FE6 UNIX executable UNIX Ex

FE4 DOS file DOS

FE3 Atari file Atari

FE2 Commodore Amiga file Amiga

FE1 Make data Make

FDF TCP/IP suite VT220 script

FDE TCP/IP suite VT220 setup

FDD Master utilities MasterUtl

FDC TCP/IP suite unresolvable UNIX soft link

FDB Text using CR and LF for line ends TextCRLF

FDA PC Emulator DOS batch file

FD9 PC Emulator DOS executable file

FD8 PC Emulator DOS command file

FD7 Obey file in a task window TaskObey

FD6 Exec file in a task window TaskExec

FD5 DOS Pict Pict

FD4 International MIDI Assoc. MIDIfiles standard MIDI

FD3 Acorn DDE debuggable image

FD1 BASIC stored as text BASICTxt

FD0 PC Emulator configuration

FCF Font cache Cache

FCE FileCore floppy disc image FileCoreFloppyDisc

FCD FileCore hard disc image FileCoreHardDisc

FCC Device object within DeviceFS Device

FCA Single compressed file Squash

FC9 Sun raster file SunRastr

FC8 DOS MultiFS disc image DOSDisc
Industry standard file types DFE Comma separated values CSV

DEA Data exchange format (AutoCAD etc) DXF

DB4 SuperCalc III file SuperCalc

DB3 DBase III file DBaseIII

DB2 DBase II DBaseII

DB1 DBase index file DBaseIndex

DB0 Lotus 123 file WK1 (was Lotus123)

CE5 TEX file TeX

CAF IGES graphics IGES

CAE Hewlett-Packard graphics language HPGLPlot

C85 JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) file JPEG
Acorn Advance file types C25 Acorn Advance Wordprocessor AWord

C26 Acorn Advance Spreadsheet ASheet

C27 Acorn Advance Database ADBase

C28 Acorn Advance Graph AGraph
BBC ROM file type BBC BBC ROM file (ROMFS) BBC ROM








Acornsoft file types AFF Draw file DrawFile

AFE Mouse event record Mouse

AFA DTP style file DtpStyle

AF9 DTP documents DtpDoc

AF8 First Word Plus file 1stWord+

AF7 Help file HelpInfo

AF1 Maestro file Music

AF0 ArcWriter file ARCWriter

AE9 Alarm file Alarms

ADB Outline font (obsolete file type) New Font

BASIC commands

RiscOS has a built in BBC Basic interpreter, which is also capable of assembly!

Category Basic Command
Assembly language CALL, SYS, USR
Character/string handling ASC, CHR$, INSTR(, LEFT$(, LEN, MID$(, RIGHT$(, STR$, STRING$(
Error handling ERL, ERR, ERROR, LOCAL ERROR, ON ERROR, REPORT, REPORT$, RESTORE ERROR
File commands BGET#, BPUT#, CLOSE#, EOF#, EXT#, GET$#, INPUT#, OPENIN, OPENOUT, OPENUP, PRINT#, PTR#
Graphics BY, CIRCLE, CLG, CLS, COLOUR (COLOR), DRAW, ELLIPSE, FILL, GCOL, LINE, MODE, MOVE, OFF, ON, ORIGIN, PLOT, POINT, POINT(, RECTANGLE, TINT, VDU, WAIT
Input/Output GET, GET$, INKEY, INKEY$, INPUT, INPUT LINE, LINE INPUT, MOUSE, PRINT, SPC, TAB, WIDTH
Logical AND, EOR, FALSE, NOT, OR, TRUE
Numerical ABS, DIV, EVAL, INT, MOD, RND, SGN, SQR, SUM, SUMLEN, SWAP, VAL
Program construction APPEND, AUTO, *BASIC, *BASIC64, CRUNCH, DELETE, EDIT, HELP, INSTALL, LIST, LISTO, LOAD, LVAR, NEW, OLD, RENUMBER, SAVE, TEXTLOAD, TEXTSAVE, TWIN
Program statements CHAIN, CLEAR, DATA, DEF, DIM, END, ENDPROC, FN, GOSUB, GOTO, LET, LIBRARY, LOCAL, OSCLI, PROC, QUIT, READ, REM, RESTORE, RETURN, RUN, STOP, TRACE
Sound BEAT, BEATS, SOUND, STEREO, TEMPO, VOICES
Structures CASE, ELSE, ENDCASE, ENDIF, ENDWHILE, FOR, IF, NEXT, OF, OTHERWISE, REPEAT, THEN, UNTIL, WHEN, WHILE
Trigonometric ACS, ASN, ATN, COS, DEG, EXP, LN, LOG, PI, RAD, SIN, TAN
Variables ADVAL, COUNT, HIMEM, LOMEM, PAGE, POS, TIME, TIME$, TOP, VPOS


 

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